28.2 Circular Bioeconomy

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reducing the impact of industry in the environment, and this alters the linear utiliza-

tion of resources into closed loop. Adopting novel technologies and socioeconomic

restructuring is essential to promote the circular economy and closing the loop of

resources [7]. In food system, reducing the disposal of waste and finding appropriate

solution to manage the remaining waste are the important strategies to implement

circular economy. Development in research in the last decades has highlighted

several options by conversion of food waste and byproducts into bioenergy or

valuable raw material. The principles of circular economy are complementary

to bioeconomy and it focuses on the establishment of integrated sustainable

approaches for resource utilization. Bioeconomy encompasses transformation of

biomass and biowaste into wide range of bioproducts and biofuels. Bioeconomy

demands renewable biomaterials which include plant materials, animal, and

microbial constituents which have the potential to produce bio-based products [7].

Consumption of natural resources has been increasing globally and the extensive

utilization of fossil fuels causes negative environmental impact that urged the devel-

opment of biofuels and biomaterials through sustainable feedstocks. Food wastes are

valuable bio-based resources, which are primary alternative to fossil fuels. Bio-based

renewable resources are important for sustainable economic growth and environ-

ment preservation. Biomass obtained from food waste is found to be a promising

renewable resource. Through sustainable biorefinery approaches, food and agricul-

tural processing wastes can be converted into valuable bioproducts that has driven

the circular economy. Biorefineries can enable the recognition of circular bioecon-

omy by allowing the valorization of multiple products [8, 9].

Circular bioeconomy is the intersection of bioeconomy and circular economy

which lists the common concepts such as efficient utilization of renewable

resources, reduction of greenhouse gas emission, reduction of the use of fossil fuel,

and valorization of waste. Wastes are important components of circular bioecon-

omy, where reuse, recycle, and remanufacture can be attainable through different

conversion technologies and pathways. Food waste-based biorefinery concepts are

the most promising approach for effective conversion of biomass into valuable

products such as bioethanol, biopolymers, bioplastics, biogas, biochip, syngas,

bio-oil, and biochar. On the basis of conversion route, biorefineries are categorized

in to thermochemical and biochemical refineries [8]. Pyrolysis and gasification

are the thermochemical refining processes which break down the biomass into

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and these intermediates are further processed

into wide variety of marketable products. Chemicals and biological components like

microorganisms and enzymes are involved in biochemical refining process which

break down the biomass into numerous compounds through enzymatic/chemical

hydrolysis, fermentation, and digestion process [8]. Integrated biorefinery is

preferable for efficient use of biomass, including waste generated from different

conversion pathways and convert into valuable bioproduct streams. Integration of

biology, food science, biochemistry, biochemical engineering, and biotechnology

has the potential to bridge the gap between valorization strategies and biorefinery

concept for producing marketable products from renewable feedstock. High

concentrated volume, preferably homogeneous composition (e.g. tomato pomace,